IRCI Article ID: IRCI-AR-0000001827

Assessing the determinants of tea productivity among smallholder farmers under out-grower schemes. Empirical evidence from Zimbabwe

Journal: Critical Insights in Agriculture

Publication: 2026-12-31 · Vol. 1 No. 1

DOI: 10.1080/29932106.2025.2586359

Cite this article

Citation

Choose a citation style or copy BibTeX for your reference manager.

 
View Original Publication
0
IRCI Cited By
51
Indexed References

Authors

Tanaka Nyagope

Affiliation: Agricultural Economics and Development, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

ORCID: 0009-0001-1405-5673

Newettie Jambo

Affiliation: Agricultural Economics and Development, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

ORCID: 0000-0002-7817-644X

Freddy Ruzhani

Affiliation: Agricultural Economics and Development, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

ORCID: 0000-0003-1345-2113

Radios Mutumburanzou

Affiliation: Agricultural Economics and Development, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

ORCID: 0009-0001-1204-8285

References

https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.780741

https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2006.630.634

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-017-0075-z

Bellemare MF. Contract farming: what’s in it for smallholder farmers in developing countries? Agric Appl Econ Assoc. 2024;30(3):1–4.

Astivia OLO, Zumbo BD. Heteroskedasticity in multiple regression analysis: what it is, how to detect it and how to solve it with applications in R and SPSS. Practical Assess Res Eval. 2019;24(1):1–16.

https://doi.org/10.18178/joaat.4.2.111-122

https://doi.org/10.12966/jaerd.11.01.2014

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.023

https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.083

OEC. Tea in Zimbabwe. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. 2022. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/tea/reporter/zwe.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479711000834

https://doi.org/10.7176/JESD/12-19-04

FAO. Forestry out-grower schemes: a global overview. Report based on the work of D. Race and H. Desmond. (Forest Plantation Thematic Papers, Working Paper 11). Rome: Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO; 2001. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/24e81c83-390c-4c2a-a881-5ae381b0f962/content.

FAO. International tea market: Market situation, prospects and emerging issues. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2022a. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e1d8588a-ddba-4b49-9897-311611391a76/content.

https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9479en

https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102369

Haq SU, Shahbaz P, Boz I. Tea productivity analysis and its determinants: implications for higher production and cost savings with different farm sizes. CUSTOS E AGRONEGOCIO ON LINE. 2020;16(2):372–391.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-14158-4.00006-3

https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i4(S).2839

https://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v2n2p75

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107875

https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.4.1517

Kanyua MJ, Ithinji GK, Waluse SK, et al. Factors influencing profitability of diversified cash crop farming among smallholder tea farmers in Gatanga district, Kenya. J Econ Sust Dev. 2015;6(3):87–95.

Laskar N, Thappa S. An analytical study on influencing factors of tea production in Assam. Int J Sci Res Publ (IJSPR). 2018;8(7):255–266.

https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452270128

https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjas.2019.228.234

Mayoyo A, Chapoto A, Matchaya GC, et al. 2023 Digital climate adaptation in agriculture profile for Zimbabwe. Colombo, Rotterdam and Abidjan: International Water Management Institute, Global Centre on Adaptation, and the African Development Bank. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/131257.

https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.2017599

https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013192.bsa526

https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226246

Minai JM, Nyairo N, Mbataru P. Analysis of socio-economic factors affecting the coffee yields of smallholder farmers in kirinyaga county, Kenya. J Agric Crop Re. 2014;2(12):228–235.

https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1007.102

https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-024-00744-0

Mtisi JP. Green harvest: the outgrower tea leaf collection system in the Honde Valley, Zimbabwe. In: M. Hughes, editor. New Agrarian contracts in Zimbabwe innovations in production and leisure. Proceedings of Workshop Hosted by the Department of Economic History, University of Zimbabwe; 2003. p. 21–39. https://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Green%20Harvest_%20The%20Outgrower%20Tea%20Leaf%20Collection%20System%20in%20the%20Honde%20Valley_%20Zimbabwe.pdf

Mugandani R, Wuta M, Makarau A, et al. Re-classification of agro-ecological regions of Zimbabwe in conformity with climate variability and change. Afr Crop Sci J. 2012;20(2):361–369.

Mumaniki C, Chivuraise C, Makiwa E, et al. A review of the macadamia nut sector in Zimbabwe. Int J Res Innov Soc Sci. 2024;8(4):1975–1996.

Munishi RG, Mgelwa AS, Guan X. Exploring factors affecting performance of smallholder tea farmers in tanzania. J Econ Sust Dev. 2017;8(20):95–106.

Mumba C, Samui KL, Pandey GS, et al. Econometric analysis of the socio-economic factors affecting the profitability of smallholder dairy farming in Zambia. Livestock Res Rural Dev. 2012;24(4):66.

Mwaura F, Muku O, Marangu D, et al. Technological and socio-economic factors affecting tea productivity among smallholders in Imenti and Kapkoros. Tea. 2008;29(2):19–24.

Ngoc HN, Hao NTP. Factors affecting the income of tea farming households in Dong Hy District, Thai Nguyen province. Int J Adv Multidiscipl Res Stud. 2025;5(1):605–609.

https://doi.org/10.25077/ijasc.6.2.75-79.2022

https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.275690

Tanui JK, Feng W, Li X, et al. Socio-economic constraints to adoption of yield improving tea farming technologies: a study of small holder tea farmers affiliated to estates in Nandi Hills, Kenya. Afr J Agric Res. 2012;7(16):2560–2568.

https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2022/38.1.295.311

https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8852371

https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v6i0.5446

Yamane T. 1967 Statistics: an introductory analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Harper and Row.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.13127

https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0405005

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-023-10099-z

ZIMSTAT. 2022. Zimbabwe 2022 Population and Housing Census Report. https://www.zimstat.co.zw/census/.

Cited By (0)

No indexed citing article has been matched by IRCI yet.